Usage of English 28 (အဂၤလိပ္စာအသုံးအႏႈန္း ၂၈)

အဂၤလိပ္စာက အေတာ္ေလးစိတ္၀င္စားစရာေကာင္းပါတယ္။ တစ္ခါတစ္ေလ မထင္မွတ္တဲ့ေနရာမွာ ဒီ Inversion ေတြကို ေတြ႔ရတတ္တယ္။ သိထားၿပီးရင္ေတာ့ ဘာသာျပန္ရတာ လြယ္တာေပါ့ဗ်ာ။ မသိေသးရင္ေတာ့ ခပ္ခက္ခက္ဘဲ။


Inversion 2

(A)
အျငင္းသေဘာကုိေဆာင္တဲ့ ႀကိယာ၀ိေသသနပုဒ္စုေတြရဲ ႔ေနာက္မွာ Inversion ကုိသုံးပါတယ္။
အထူးအားျဖင့္ Fomal ၀ါက်ႏွင့္ Literary language ေတြမွာ ၀ါက်အစမွာ အျငင္းႀကိယာ၀ိေသသနတုိ႔ကုိ သုံးေလ့ရွိပါတယ္။ အဲဒီအခါမ်ိဳးမွာ ကတၱားႏွင့္ႀကိယာဟာ Inversion ျဖစ္သြားပါတယ္။


အခ်ိန္ျပ ႀကိယာ၀ိေသသနေတြျဖစ္တဲ့ never (before), rarely, seldom, barely, hardly/ scarcely.... when/ before, no sooner.... than ေတြရဲ ႔ ေနာက္မွာ Inversion ကုိသုံးတတ္တယ္။

Seldom do we have goods returned to us because they are faulty. (not seldom we do...)
ကုန္ပစၥည္းေတြ အရည္အေသြးညံ့ေနလုိ႔ တစ္ခါတစ္ရံ က်ေနာ္တုိ႔ဆီျပန္ပုိ႔ၾကတယ္။

Hardly had I got onto the motorway when I saw police cars following me.
ရဲကားေတြ က်ေနာ့္ေနာက္လုိက္ေနတာကုိေတြ႔ျမင္ၿပီး ခက္ခဲစြာဘဲ က်ေနာ္ အေ၀းေျပးလမ္းေပၚေရာက္ေအာင္ႀကိဳးစားခဲ့ရတယ္။


Only+အခ်ိန္ေဖာ္ျပခ်က္ေတြျဖစ္တဲ့ only after, only later, only once, only then, only when ေတြရဲ ႔ ေနာက္မွာ Inversion ကုိ သုံးေလ့ရွိၾကတယ္။

She bought a newspaper and some sweets at the shop on the corner. Only later did she realise that she'd been given the wrong change.
လမ္းေဒါင့္ကဆုိင္မွာ သတင္းစာႏွင့္သၾကားလုံးကုိ သူမ၀ယ္ခဲ့တယ္။ မၾကာခင္မွာဘဲ သူမကုိ အေၾကြအမ္းတာ မွားမွန္း သူမ သေဘာေပါက္ခ့ဲတယ္။

Only once did I go to the opera in the whole time I was in Italy.
က်ေနာ္ အီတလီမွာ ရွိေနစဥ္တစ္ခ်ိန္လုံး ျပဇာတ္ရုံကုိ တစ္ႀကိမ္ထဲသြားခဲ့တယ္။


Only by, only in, only with စတဲ့ ၀ိဘတ္ပုဒ္စုေတြရဲ ႔ေနာက္မွာ Inversion ကုိ အသုံးျပဳေလ့ရွိတယ္။

Only by chance had Jameson discovered where the birds were nesting.
မထင္မွတ္ဘဲ ဂ်ိမ္းဆမ္ဟာ ငွက္ေတြ အသုိက္လုပ္ေနတဲ့ေနရာကုိ ရွာေဖြေတြ႔ရွိခဲ့တယ္။

Mary had to work at evenings and weekends. Only in this way was she able to complete the report by the deadline.
ေမရီဟာ ညေနခင္းႏွင့္စေန တနဂၤေႏြေတြမွာ အလုပ္လုပ္တယ္။ ဒါမွသာ သူမရဲ ႔ အစီရင္ခံစာကုိ ေနာက္ဆုံးရက္မတုိင္မီ ၿပီးဆုံးႏုိင္မွာပါ။


အေၾကာင္းအရာတစ္ခုကုိ Preposition+no....(at no time, in no way, on no account, under/in no circumstances..etc) ေတြနဲ႔ေဖာ္ျပတဲ့အခါမွာလဲ Inversion ကုိ သုံးတတ္တယ္။

At no time did they actually break the rules of the game.
သူတုိ႔ဟာ တကယ္တမ္းဆုိေတာ့ ဘယ္အခ်ိန္မွာမွ ကစားပြဲစည္းကမ္းကုိ မခ်ိဳးေဖာက္ခဲ့ၾကပါဘူး။

Under no circumstances are passengers permitted to open the doors themselves.
ဘယ္လုိအေျခအေနမွာဘဲျဖစ္ျဖစ္ ခရီးသည္ေတြဟာ သူတုိ႔ကုိယ္တုိင္ တံခါးကုိ ဖြင့္ခြင့္မရွိပါဘူး။


အေၾကာင္းအရာတစ္ခုကုိ Not...(not only, not until, not+object) ႏွင့္တြဲၿပီးေဖာ္ျပတဲ့အခါမွာလဲ Inversion ကုိသုံးေလ့ရွိတယ္။

Not until August did the government order an inquiry into the accident.
ၾသဂုတ္လအထိ အစုိးရဟာ မေတာ္တဆမႈကုိ စုံစမ္းစစ္ေဆးဖုိ႔ အမိန္႔မထုတ္ျပန္ခဲ့ေသးပါဘူး။

Not a single word had she written since the exam had started.
စာေမးပြဲစၿပီးခ်ိန္ကစလုိ႔ သူမဟာ စာတစ္လုံးမွ မေရးရေသးဘူး။


အျငင္းသေဘာကုိေဆာင္တဲ့ Little ရဲ ႔ ေနာက္မွာလဲ inversion ကုိ သုံးတတ္တယ္။

Little do they know how lucky they are to live in such a wonderful house.
အခုလုိ ၾကည္ႏူးဖြယ္ေကာင္းတဲ့ အိမ္မွာ ေနထုိင္ရတာကုိ သူတုိ႔ဘယ္ေလာက္ ကံေကာင္းမွန္း မသိၾကဘူး။

Little did I then realise the day would come when Michael would be famous.
မုိက္ကယ္ နာမည္ႀကီးလာမဲ့ေန႔ကုိ က်ေနာ္နားမလည္ႏုိင္ဘူး။ (နာမည္ႀကီးလာမယ္မထင္ဘူး)။


Only after, if, when, not until စကားလုံးေတြနဲ႔စတဲ့ ၀ါက်(clause)ေတြရဲ ႔ ေနာက္မွာလဲ Inversion ကုိ သုံးတတ္တယ္။

Only when the famine gets worse will world governments begin to act.
ကပ္ေရာဂါ ပုိဆုိးလာမွသာ အစုိးရက အလုပ္လုပ္ဖုိ႔ စတင္တယ္။

Not until the train pulled into Euston Station did Jim find that his coat had gone.
ဂ်င္မ္ဟာ သူ႔ကုတ္အက်ီ ၤေပ်ာက္မွန္း ရထား ယူစတန္ဘူတာထဲ မ၀င္ခဲ့မခ်င္း မသိဘူး။



(B)
So+adjective...that: Such+be...that: Neither..../nor... ေတြရဲ ႔ ေနာက္မွာလဲ Inversion ကုိ သုံးပါတယ္။

Her business was so successful that Marie was able to retire at the age of 50.
So successful was her business, that Marie was able to retire at the age of 50.
အလုပ္အရမ္းေအာင္ျမင္တဲ့အတြက္ ေမရီဟာ အသက္ငါးဆယ္မွာ အၿငိမ္းစားရႏုိင္ခဲ့တယ္။

The weather conditions became so dangerous that all mountain roads were closed.
So dangerous did weather conditions become, that all mountain roads were closed.
ရာသီဥတုအေျခအေန အရမ္းဆုိးတဲ့အတြက္ ေတာင္ေပၚလန္းေတြအားလုံး ပိတ္ကုန္ၾကတယ္။


အကြာအေ၀း အဆင့္အတန္းကုိ အေလးအနက္ေဖာ္ျပတဲ့အခါ ၀ါက်အစမွာ Such+be ကုိသုံးတယ္။ အဲဒီလုိအခါမ်ိဳးမွာ ကတၱားႏွင့္ႀကိယာကုိ Inversion အေနနဲ႔သုံးေလ့ရွိတယ္။

Such is the popularity of the play that the theatre is likely to be full every night.
The play is so popular that the theatre is likely to be full every night.
ျပဇာတ္က နာမည္ႀကီးတဲ့အတြက္ မ်ားေသာအားျဖင့္ ညတုိင္း ဇာတ္ရံုျပည့္တယ္။


၀ါက်အစမွာ Neither ႏွင့္ nor ကုိသုံးရင္ အဲဒီစကားလုံးေတြရဲ ႔ ေနာက္မွာရွိတဲ့ ကတၱားႏွင့္ႀကိယာကုိ Inversion အေနနဲ႔ သုံးေလ့ရွိတယ္။

For some time after the explosion Jack couldn't hear, and neither could he see.
ေပါက္ကြဲမႈျဖစ္ၿပီး အခ်ိန္အေတာ္ၾကာထိ ဂ်က္ဟာ ၾကားလဲမၾကားႏုိင္ဘူး။ ျမင္လဲ မျမင္ႏုိင္ဘူး။

The council never wanted the new supermarket to be built, nor did local resident.
ေကာင္စီက ေစ်းအသစ္ေဆာက္ဖို႔ မႀကိဳက္ဖူး။ ေနထုိင္ၾကသူ(ျပည္သူ)ေတြလဲ မႀကိဳက္ဖူး။


မွတ္ခ်က္။
Martin Hewings ေရးတဲ့ Advanced Grammar in Use စာမ်က္ႏွာ ၂၄၀ ကုိ ကုိးကားေဖာ္ျပထားျခင္းျဖစ္ပါတယ္။


.....

Usage of English 27 (အဂၤလိပ္စာအသုံးအႏႈန္း ၂၇)

ဒီတစ္ခါေတာ့ အဂၤလိပ္စာမွာ မ်က္စိလည္တတ္ေလ့ရွိတဲ့ Inversion အသုံးအႏႈန္းေလးေတြကို တင္ျပပါမယ္။
ဒီေနရာမွာ Inversion ဆုိတာ ေျပာင္းျပန္သုံးႏႈန္းတာကုိ ေျပာတာပါ။


Inversion (1)

(A)
ပုံမွန္အားျဖင့္ ကတၱားၿပီးရင္ ႀကိယာလုိက္ေလ့ရွိတဲ့ အဂၤလိပ္စာသဒၵါမွာ Inversion အေနနဲ႔ သုံးရင္ေတာ့ ေျပာင္းျပန္ျဖစ္ေနတာကုိ ေတြ႔ၾကရပါ့မယ္။

Her father stood in the doorway.> In the doorway stood her father.
သူမအေဖဟာ တံခါးေပါက္မွာ မတ္တပ္ရပ္ခဲ့တယ္။

He had rarely seen such a sunset.> Rarely had he seen such a sunset.
သူ ဒီလုိမ်ိဳး ေန၀င္ဆည္းဆာကုိ ျမင္ရခဲတယ္။

He showed me his ID card. I only let him in then.> Only then did I let him in.
သူ က်ေနာ့္ကုိ သူ႔ရဲ ႔ အုိင္ဒီကဒ္ကုိ ျပခဲ့တယ္။ သုိ႔မွသာ က်ေနာ္ သူ႔ကုိ ၀င္ခြင့္ျပဳခဲ့တယ္။
....


(B)
Direction, Place ေတြကုိ ေဖာ္ျပတဲ့ ၾကိယာ၀ိေသသနပုဒ္စုေတြရဲ ႔ေနာက္မွာ မ်ားေသာအားျဖင့္ Inversion ကုိ သုံးတတ္ေလ့ရွိတယ္။

Dave began to open the three parcels. Inside the first was a book of crosswords from his Aunt Alice. (or inside the first there was a book of crosswords...)
ေဒ့ဗ္က ပါဆယ္ထုပ္သုံးခုကုိ စတင္ဖြင့္လုိက္တယ္။ ပထမပါဆယ္ထုပ္ရဲ ႔ အထဲမွာ သူ႔အေဒၚ အဲ့လစ္ ဆီကပုိ႔တဲ့ စကားလုံးပေဟဠိစာအုပ္ ရွိတယ္။


Place, movement ေတြကုိ ေဖာ္ျပတဲ့ climb, come, fly, go, hang, lie, run, sit, stand စတဲ့ ႀကိယာေတြကုိ ရံခါ Inversion အေနနဲ႔ သုံးတတ္တယ္။

Above the fireplace was a portrait of the Duke. (not... a portrait of the Duke was.)
(နံရံေဖာက္ [အခုက်ေနာ္ေနတဲ့အခန္းထဲမွာ အဲဒီလုိမ်ိဳး မီးဖုိရွိတယ္။ အသုံးေတာ့မျပဳေတာ့ပါဘူး])မီးဖုိရဲ ႔ အေပၚတည့္တည့္(နံရံေပၚ)မွာ ဒုက္ရဲ ႔ ပုံတူ(ပန္းခ်ီကား)ရွိတယ္။

In an armchair sat his mother. (rather than..... his mother sat)
ကုလားထုိင္မွာ သူ႔အေမ ထုိင္တယ္။


ဒါေပမဲ့ ကတၱားက နာမ္စားျဖစ္ေနရင္ Inversion ကုိ မသုံးပါဘူး။
In an armchair sat she.(ဒီလုိမသုံးပါဘူး)
.....


(C)
Speech ေပးတဲ့အခါေတြမွာ here, there ႏွင့္ back, down, in, off, up, round စတဲ့ ႀကိယာ၀ိေသသနေတြရဲ ႔ ေနာက္မွာ Inversion ကုိ သုံးတတ္ပါတယ္။

Here comes Sandra's car.
စျႏၵရဲ ႔ ကားလာၿပီ။

I lit the fuse and after a few seconds up went the rocket.
က်ေနာ္ျဖဴးစ္ကုိ မီးညွိလုိက္ၿပီး မၾကာခင္မွာ ဒုံးက်ည္ အေပၚတက္သြားတယ္။
.......


(D)
Inversion ကုိ Conditional sentence ေတြမွာ သုံးတတ္ပါတယ္။

It would be a serious setback, if the talks were to fail.
It would be a serious setback, were the talks to fail.
ေဆြးေႏြးပြဲပ်က္သြားရင္ အေျခအေနေတြ ပုိဆုိးလာလိမ့္မယ္။

If you should need more information, please telephone our main office.
Should you need more information, please telephone our main office.
အခ်က္အလက္ ပုိလုိအပ္ရင္ က်ေနာ္တုိ႔ရဲ ႔ ဌာနခ်ဳပ္ကုိ ဖုန္းဆက္ပါ။

If Alex had asked, I would have been able to help.
Had Alex asked, I would have been able to help.
တကယ္လုိ႔ အလက္စ္သာ အကူအညီေတာင္းခဲ့ရင္ က်ေနာ္ အကူအညီေပးႏုိင္ခဲ့မွာပါ။


Inversion ကုိ Negative အေနနဲ႔သုံးရင္ Contracted form ကုိ မသုံးရပါဘူး။

Had he not resigned, we would have been forced to sack him. (not Hadn't he..)
သူမႏႈတ္ထြက္ခဲ့ရင္ သူ႔ကုိ အလုပ္ျဖဳတ္ဖုိ႔ က်ေနာ္တုိ႔ဖိအားေပးခံရခဲ့လိမ့္မယ္။
......


(E)
Inversion ကုိ ႏႈိင္းယွဥ္မႈေတြကို ျပတဲ့ As ႏွင့္Than တုိ႔ႏွင့္ တစ္ခါတစ္ခါ တြဲသုံးတတ္တယ္။

The cake was excellent, as was the coffee. (or.. as the coffee was.)
ေကာ္ဖီေကာင္းသလုိ ကိတ္မုန္႔ကလဲ ဂြတ္ရွယ္ဘဲ။

I believed, as did my colleagues, that the plan would work. ( or... as my colleagues did...)
က်ေနာ့္လုပ္ေဖာ္ကုိင္ဘက္ေတြလုပ္ခဲ့သလုိဘဲ ဒီအစီအစဥ္ဟာ အလုပ္ျဖစ္မယ္ဆုိတာ က်ေနာ္ ယုံၾကည္တယ္။

Research shows that children living in villages watch more television than do their counterparts in inner city areas. (or.. than their counterparts do...)
သုေတသနဌာနက ေဖာ္ျပတယ္။ ရြာမွာေနၾကတဲ့ ကေလးေတြဟာ ၿမိဳ့တြင္းမွာ ေနထုိင္ၾကတဲ့ ရြယ္တူကေလးေတြထက္ ရုပ္ျမင္သံၾကားပုိၾကည့္ေလ့ရွိၾကတယ္တဲ့။


မွတ္ခ်က္။
Martin Hewings ေရးတဲ့ Advanced Grammar in Use စာမ်က္ႏွာ ၂၃၈ ကုိ ကုိးကားေဖာ္ျပထားျခင္းျဖစ္ပါတယ္။

....

Usage of English 26 (အဂၤလိပ္စာအသုံးအႏႈန္း ၂၆)

အေျခခံ အဂၤလိပ္စာေလးေတြ တင္မယ္တင္မယ္နဲ႔ မတင္ျဖစ္တာ အေတာ္ေလးၾကာသြားၿပီ။ အခု ျပန္တင္လုိက္ဦးမယ္။ ပုိ႔စ္လဲတင္ရင္း က်ေနာ္လဲ ျပန္ေႏြးရင္းေပါ့။ လုိအပ္တဲ့သူေတြလဲ လုိအပ္သလုိ ၾကည့္ႏုိင္ေအာင္ေပါ့။

တတ္ေျမာက္ႏုိင္ၾကပါေစ။
........

Any of
None of
The majority of + an uncountable noun + singular verb
A lot of
Plenty of
All (of)
Some (of)


Is there any of that lemon cake left?
အဲဒီမွာ သံပုရာကိတ္က်န္ေသးလား။

None of my hair is blonde.
ငါ့ဆံပင္တစ္ပင္မွ ေရႊအုိေရာင္မဟုတ္ဘူး။

The majority of rice is from Asia.
ဆန္အမ်ားစုဟာ အာရွကျဖစ္တယ္။

There is a lot of sugar inside the bottle.
အဲဒီပုလင္းထဲမွာ သၾကားေတြအမ်ားႀကီးရွိတယ္။

There is plenty of food in the kitchen.
မီးဖုိခန္းထဲမွာ အစားအစာေတြ အမ်ားႀကီးရွိတယ္။

All the furniture was destroyed in the fire.
ပရိေဘာကအျမားအျပား မီးေလာင္သြားၿပီ။

Here's some news you might be interested in.
ဒီမွာ မင္းစိတ္၀င္စားေကာင္းစိတ္၀င္စားမဲ့ သတင္း။
.....

Each + singular noun + singular verb
Every

Every room has its own bathroom.
အခန္းတုိင္း အပုိင္ေရခ်ိဳးခန္းရွိတယ္။

Each answer is worth 20 points.
အေျဖတစ္ခုကုိ အမွတ္ ၂၀ တန္တယ္။
............

Everyone
Everybody
Everything + singular verb
Any--
Some---
No---

Practically everyone thinks that john should be given the job.
ဂၽြန္ကုိ အလုပ္ေပးသင့္တယ္လုိ႔ လက္ေတြ႔က်က် လူတုိင္း စဥ္းစားတယ္။

Everybody knows who stole it, but they're all afraid to tell anyone.
လူတုိင္းဘယ္သူခုိးတယ္ဆုိတာသိတယ္။ ဒါေပမဲ့ သူတုိ႔ မေျပာရဲၾကဘူး။

Everything in the capital is now quiet.
အခု ၿမိဳ့ထဲမွာ အရာအားလုံး တိတ္ဆိတ္ေနတယ္။

Anyone is there?
အဲဒီမွာ တစ္ေယာက္ေယာက္ရွိပါသလား။

Someone is inside the house.
အိမ္ထဲမွာ တစ္စုံတစ္ေယာက္ရွိတယ္။

Noone is helpful for me.
ဘယ္သူမွ ငါ့အတြက္ အကူအညီမျဖစ္ဘူး။

......

Usage of English 25 (အဂၤလိပ္စာအသုံးအႏႈန္း ၂၅)

ဒါေလးေတြလဲ သိထားသင့္တယ္ေနာ္။
ျမင္ေနက်ေပမဲ့ တကယ္သုံးၾကည့္ရင္ ေယာင္ေတာင္ေတာင္ရယ္။

စူးစုိက္လုိက္ၾကဦးစုိ႔။
...................


Any of
Each of
Either of + plural noun+ plural verb or singular verb (Singular ကုိဦးစားေပး)
Niether of
None of

I don't think any of them knows (or know) whrere the money is hidden.

သူတုိ႔ထဲက ဘယ္သူမွ ပုိက္ဆံ၀ွက္ထားတဲ့ေနရာကုိ သိမယ္မထင္ပါဘူး။

Each of the companies supports (or support) a local charity.

ကုမၸဏီတစ္ခုစီ ေဒသဆုိင္ရာ လူမႈကူညီေရး အသင္းကုိ ေထာက္ပံ့တယ္။

Either of you has (or have) to go to the US .

မင္းတုိ႔ထဲက တစ္ေယာက္ေယာက္ ယူအက္စ္ေအကုိ သြားရမယ္။

Neither of the French athletes has (or have) won this year.

ျပင္သစ္အားကစားသမားေတြထဲက တစ္ေယာက္မွ ဒီႏွစ္ အႏုိင္မရဘူး။

None of my children has (or have) blonde hair.

ငါ့ကေလးေတြထဲက ဘယ္သူမွ ေရႊ၀ါေရာင္ဆံပင္မရွိဘူး။

...........................................




The majority of
A majority of
A number of +plural noun + plural verb
A lot of
Plenty of
All (of)
Some (of)


The majority of the employees have university degrees.
အလုပ္သမားအမ်ားစုဟာ တကၠသုိလ္ဘြဲ႔ရၿပီးျဖစ္တယ္။

A large majority of people approve of the death sentence.
လူအမ်ားစုက ေသဒဏ္စနစ္ကုိ သေဘာတူၾကတယ္။

A number of refugees have been turned back at the border.
ဒုကၡသည္အမ်ားစုကုိ နယ္စပ္က ျပန္ပုိ႔ၿပီးၿပီ။

A lot of people are coming to the meeting.
လူအျမားအျပား အစည္းအေ၀းကုိ လာၾကတယ္။

Plenty of eggs are in the cupboard.
ၾကက္ဥအမ်ားႀကီး ေၾကာင္အိမ္ထဲမွာ ရွိတယ္။

All animals have to eat in order to live.
အသက္ရွင္ဖုိ႔ တိရစၦာန္အားလုံး အစာစားၾကတယ္။

Some of you here have already met Imran.
ဒီမွာရွိတဲ့ မင္းတုိ႔ထဲက တစ္ခ်ိဳ ႔ အင္ရန္ကုိ ေတြ႔ၿပီးၿပီ။
..........................


The number of + singular verb

The number of books in the library has risen to over five million.
စာၾကည့္တုိက္ထဲက စာအုပ္အေရအတြက္ဟာ ငါးသန္းေက်ာ္အထိ တုိးျမွင့္လာတယ္။

Usage of English 24 (အဂၤလိပ္စာအသုံးအႏႈန္း ၂၄)

ဒီအသုံးအႏႈန္းေလးေတြကိုလဲ Martin Hewings ရဲ ႔ စာအုပ္ထဲကပါဘဲ။
အေသးစိပ္ကေတာ့ မေဖာ္ျပေတာ့ပါဘူး။ သဒၵါေရးေတြ အရမ္းေဖာ္ျပေနရင္ ေခါင္းရႈပ္သြားတတ္လုိ႔ပါ။
အသုံးအႏႈန္းေလးေတြကုိဘဲ ဦးစားေပးခ်င္တာလဲ ပါပါတယ္။

ေလ့လာၾကည့္ၾကရေအာင္
.............

Both
Both Alice and Tim enjoy cycling.
အဲလစ္ေရာ တင္ေရာ ႏွစ္ေယာက္လုံး စက္ဘီးစီးတာႀကိဳက္တယ္။

Both of
Both of my parents are teachers.
က်ေနာ့္မိဘႏွစ္ပါးလုံး ဆရာေတြျဖစ္တယ္။

All
All people over 18 are required to vote.
၁၈ ႏွစ္အထက္လူအားလုံး မဲေပးဖုိ႔လုိအပ္တယ္။

All of
All of Bob's closet friends were women.
ေဘာ့ဘ္ရဲ ့ အရင္းႏွီးဆုံးသူငယ္ခ်င္းေတြဟာ မိန္းခေလးမ်ားျဖစ္တယ္။

Each
He wrote down the cost of each item in his shopping basket.
သူ႔ရဲ ့ေစ်း၀ယ္ျခင္းထဲက ပစၥည္းတစ္ခုစီရဲ ့တန္ဖုိးကုိ သူေရးမွတ္ထားတယ္။

Each of
Each of you should sign the register before you leave.
ခင္မ်ားတုိ႔တစ္ေယာက္စီတုိင္း မထြက္ခြါခင္ (လက္မွတ္ထုိး)မွတ္ပုံတင္သင့္တယ္။

None
She searched the shelves for books on yoga, but could find none.
ေယာဂက်င့္စဥ္ဆုိင္ရာစာအုပ္မ်ားအတြက္ စာအုပ္စင္မ်ားကုိ သူမရွာေဖြခဲ့တယ္။ ဒါေပမဲ့ ဘာမွမေတြ႔သြားခဲ့ဘူး။

None of
I tired on lots of coats but none of them fitted perfectly.
ကုတ္အက်ၤ ီအမ်ားအျပားကုိ က်ေနာ္ စိတ္ကုန္လာၿပီ။ အဲဒီအထဲက ဘာမွ က်ေနာ္နဲ႔မေတာ္ဘူး။

Few
There was silence for a few seconds, and then she ဘegan to speak.
အခ်ိန္အနည္းငယ္ ဆိတ္ၿငိမ္ေနတယ္။ ၿပီးေတာ့ သူမ စစကားေျပာတယ္။

Few of
They had a few of their friends round.
သူတုိ႔၀န္းက်င္မွာ သူတုိ႔ရဲ ႔မိတ္ေဆြအနည္းငယ္ရွိတယ္။

Little
He,ll take a little time, but I should be able to mend it.
သူ အခ်ိန္အနည္းငယ္ယူမယ္။ ဒါေပမဲ့ က်ေနာ္ အဲဒီအခ်ိန္ကုိ ဖာေထးႏုိင္သင့္တယ္။

Little of
Little of his money came from his parents.
သူ႔ပုိက္ဆံထဲက နဲနဲေလးဘဲ သူ႔မိဘထံက ရရွိတယ္။

Usage of English 23 (အဂၤလိပ္စာအသုံးအႏႈန္း ၂၃)

ဒီတစ္ခါေတာ့ Some(of) ႏွင့္ Any(of) ကို ေဖာ္ျပေပးပါ့မယ္။
Much(of) ႏွင့္ Many(of) အပါအ၀င္ေပါ့။

Some ႏွင့္ Any ကုိ ဗဟု၀ုစ္ကိန္းႏွင့္ေရတြက္မရနာမ္မ်ားမွာ သုံးတယ္လုိ႔ လြယ္လြယ္ေလးမွတ္ထားလုိက္ရင္ ပုိအဆင္ေျပပါမယ္။။
Some ကုိ ရုိးရုိး၀ါက်မွာ သုံးၿပီး any ကုိ အေမး၀ါက်ႏွင့္အျငင္း၀ါက်ေတြမွာ သုံးေလ့ရွိပါတယ္။

Much ႏွင့္ Many ကို အေရအတြက္ႏွင့္ပမာဏေတြကို ေဖာ္ျပတဲ့အခါမွာ သုံးပါတယ္။
Much ကို ေရတြက္မရနာမ္ႏွင့္သုံးၿပီး Many ကို ဗဟု၀ုစ္နာမ္မ်ားႏွင့္သုံးပါတယ္။

(ေယဘုယ်အားျဖင့္ေျပာတာပါ။ ခ်ိဳ ႔ယြင္းခ်က္ေတြကေတာ့ ရွိပါတယ္။ ရႈပ္တတ္လြန္းလုိ႔ မေဖာ္ျပေတာ့ပါဘူး။
Martin Hewings ရဲ ႔ Advanced Grammar in Use စာအုပ္ စာမ်က္ႏွာ ၁၂၆ ယူနစ္ ၆၃ က စၿပီး အေသးစိပ္ၾကည့္ႏုိင္ပါတယ္။)
.......................


Some
I made some fresh coffee and handed a cup to Adam.
က်ေနာ္ ေကာ္ဖီသန္႔သန္႔အနည္းငယ္ေဖ်ာ္လုိက္ၿပီး တစ္ခြက္ကုိ အဒန္ကုိ ေပးလုိက္တယ္။


Some of
Some of my jewellery is missing.
က်ေနာ့္ရတနာေတြထဲက တစ္ခ်ိဳ ႔ေပ်ာက္ဆုံးေနတယ္။


Any
Don't pay any attention to what she says.
သူမေျပာတာကုိ ဂရုစုိက္ေနစရာမလိုပါဘူး။


Any of
Have you seen any of these new light bulbs in the shop yet?
ဒီအသစ္မီးသီးလုံးေတြထဲကအခ်ိဳ ႔ကုိ ဆုိင္မွာ ျမင္မိသလား။


Much
She did the job, but without much enthusiasm.
သူမအလုပ္လုပ္တယ္။ ဒါေပမဲ့ စိတ္အမ်ားႀကီးမ၀င္စားဘူး။


Much of
Snow is now covering much of the country.
ႏုိင္ငံရဲ ႔ အျမားအျပားကုိ ႏွင္းေတြဖုံးလႊမ္းထားတယ္။


Many
Many talented young Scientists are moving to Austrillia.
လူေတာ္သိပၸံပညာရွင္ေလးေတြအမ်ားအျပား ၾသစေတးလ်ကုိ ေျပာင္းေရႊ ႔ၾကတယ္။


Many of
She gave many of her best paintings to her friends.
သူမရဲ ႔အေကာင္းဆုံးပန္းခ်ီကားေတြထဲက အမ်ားအျပားကုိ သူမရဲ ႔သူငယ္ခ်င္းေတြကုိေပးတယ္။

Usage of English 22 (အဂၤလိပ္စာအသုံးအႏႈန္း ၂၂)

အဂၤလိပ္စာအသုံးအႏႈန္း ၂၁ မွာ little ႏွင့္ few တုိ႔ကုိ တင္ဆက္ခဲ့ပါတယ္။ မရွင္းမလင္းျဖစ္မွာ စုိးတဲ့အတြက္ ပုိမုိရွင္းလင္းတဲ့ Martin Hewings ရဲ ႔ Advanced Grammar in Use ထဲက စာမ်က္ႏွာ ၁၃၆ ယူနစ္ ၆၈ က ဇယားကြက္ကေလးထဲက အတုိင္း ေဖာ္ျပေပးလုိက္ပါတယ္။

တစ္ခုကုိ ပုံစံႏွစ္မ်ိဳးစီထုတ္ျပေပးထားပါတယ္။
..............


A few (of) +plural countable nouns

I have got a few close friends that I meet regularly. (Positive)
ငါ့မွာ ငါပုံမွန္ေတြ႔ေနက် သူငယ္ခ်င္းနဲနဲရွိတယ္။

A few of her songs were popular and she was very well known. (Positive)
သူမရဲ ႔ သီခ်င္းေတြထဲက အနည္းငယ္ဟာ ထင္ရွားတယ္။ ဒါ့ေၾကာင့္ သူမ ေက်ာ္ၾကားလာတယ္။


Few (of) +plural countable nouns

He has few close friends and often feels lonely. (Negative)
သူ႔မွာ သူငယ္ခ်င္းနဲနဲေလးဘဲ ရွိတယ္။ ဒါေၾကာင့္ မၾကာခဏ အထီးက်န္သလုိ ခံစားရတယ္။

Few of her songs were very popular and eventually she gave up her musical career. (Negative)
သူမသီခ်င္းေတြထဲက နဲနဲဆုိရုံေလး လူေတြသိတယ္။ ေနာက္ဆုံးေတာ့လဲ သူမရဲ ႔ ေတးဂီတအလုပ္ကုိ စြန္႔လြတ္လုိက္ရတယ္။


A little (of) + uncountable nouns

I have to go now, I have a little work to do. (Positive)
အခု ငါသြားရမယ္။ ငါလုပ္စရာ အလုပ္နဲနဲရွိေသးတယ္။

We had a little money left, so we went out for a meal. (Positive)
ငါတုိ႔ ပုိက္ဆံနဲနဲက်န္ေသးတယ္။ ဒါ့ေၾကာင့္အစားအစာအတြက္ အျပင္ထြက္ၾကတယ္။


Little (of) + uncountable nouns

There was little work to do, so I didn't earn much money. (Negative)
အလုပ္ရွိတယ္ဆုိရုံေလးဘဲရွိတယ္။ ဒါ့ေၾကာင့္ ငါ ပုိက္ဆံအမ်ားႀကီး မရဘူး။

We decided to abandon our trip as we had little money left. (Negative)
ပုိက္ဆံ နဲနဲေလးဘဲ က်န္ေတာ့တဲ့အတြက္ ခရီးစဥ္ကုိ စြန္႔လြတ္ဖုိ႔ ငါတုိ႔ဆုံးျဖတ္ခဲ့ၾကတယ္။

Usage of English 21 (အဂၤလိပ္စာအသုံးအႏႈန္း ၂၁)

ဒီတစ္ခါေတာ့ Little ႏွင့္ Few အေၾကာင္းေလးေတြကုိ ေရးလုိက္ပါတယ္။ ခပ္ရႈပ္ရႈပ္ဘဲ။ မွားတဲ့ေနရာေတြ႔ရင္လဲ အႀကံေကာင္းဥာဏ္ေကာင္းေလးေတြ လိုခ်င္ပါတယ္။

အတူတူေလ့လာၾကည့္ၾကရေအာင္လား။

.........................

Little

****

small in size or amount (adjective) = ေသးငယ္ေသာ
A little old man came into the shop.

လူအုိကေလး ဆုိင္ထဲ ၀င္လာခဲ့တယ္။

He gave a little smile.

သူနဲနဲေလး ၿပဳံးျပတယ္။

a small amount (pronoun, noun)= အနည္းငယ္
I could only hear a little of what they were saying.

သူတုိ႔ေျပာေနတာကုိ နဲနဲဘဲ ငါၾကားရတယ္။

He does as little as possible at work.

သူ အလုပ္မွာ ျဖစ္ႏုိင္သေလာက္ နဲနဲဘဲလုပ္တယ္။

a small amount of something (determiner)= နဲနဲေလး
This sauce needs a little salt.

ဒီအခ်ဥ္ရည္ဟာ ဆားနဲနဲလုိတယ္။

Can I give you a little advice?

အႀကံနဲနဲေပးလုိ႔ရမလား။

slightly(adverb)= အနည္းငယ္ေလး
I was little bit worried by what she said.

သူမအေျပာက ငါ့ကုိ နဲနဲစုိးရိမ္စိတ္ျဖစ္ေစတယ္။

We'll wait a little longer and then I'll phone them.

ငါတုိ႔ နဲနဲၾကာၾကာေစာင့္ၾကမယ္။ ၿပီးရင္ သူတုိ႔ကုိ ငါ ဖုန္းဆက္မယ္။

young (adjective)= ငယ္ရြယ္ေသာ
When you were little your hair was really curly.

မင္း ငယ္ငယ္တုန္းက မင္းဆံပင္ဟာ တကယ့္ကုိ ေကာက္တယ္။

She was my little (= younger) sister and I looked after her.

သူမဟာ ငါ့ညီမဘဲ။ ၿပီးေတာ့ သူမကုိ ငါေစာင့္ေရွာက္ခဲ့တယ္။

not much or enough(determiner)= မလုံေလာက္
There seems little hope of a ceasefire.

အပစ္အခတ္ရပ္စဲဖုိ႔ကေတာ့ ေမွ်ာ္လင့္ခ်က္မရွိပါဘူး။

They have very little money.

သူတုိ႔ ေငြလုံလုံေလာက္ေလာက္ မရွိၾကဘူး။

not much or enough(pronoun, noun)= မလုံေလာက္
We did very little on sunday.

တနဂၤေႏြေန႔မွာ က်ေနာ္တုိ႔ အလုပ္မလုပ္သေလာက္ပါဘဲ။

Unfortunately, little of the artist's work has survived.

ကံမေကာင္းစြာဘဲ အႏုပညာအလုပ္က (ပန္းခ်ီအလုပ္က) မရွင္သန္ေတာ့သေလာက္ျဖစ္ေနၿပီ။

The government has done little or nothing to help the poorest people in this country.

ဒီႏုိင္ငံအစုိးရက ဆင္းရဲသားျပည္သူေတြအတြက္ ဘာအကူအညီမွ မေပးဘူး။


not much or enough(adverb)= မလုံေလာက္

She ate very little at dinner.

သူမ ညေနစာကုိ စားတယ္ဆုိရုံဘဲ။

Little did he know what lay in store for him.

သူ႔အတြက္ ဘာေတြျဖစ္လာမလဲဆုိတာ သူမသိရွာဘူး။

used to emphasize (adjective) = ေလးနက္ေစလုိတဲ့အခါသုံး
That was a nice little suit she was wearing.

သူမ၀တ္ထားတာ အေတာ္ေကာင္းတဲ့ ၀တ္စုံေလးဘဲ။

He's a nasty little man.

သူဟာ လူဆုိးေလးဘဲ။

not very important or serious (adjective)= အေရးသိပ္မႀကီးေသာ
I had a little problem with my car, but it's been fixed now.

ငါ့ကားမွာ ျပႆနာနဲနဲရွိခဲ့တယ္။ ဒါေပမဲ့ အခု ျပင္ၿပီးပါၿပီ။

Can I have a little word with you?

က်ေနာ္ နဲနဲေျပာလုိ႔ ရမလားဘဲ။

Few

****

some, or a small number of something

(determiner, pronoun)= အခ်ိဳ ႔၊ အနည္းငယ္
I need to get a few things in town.

ၿမိဳ ႔ထဲမွာ လုိအပ္တဲ့ပစၥည္းအနည္းငယ္ ရွိတယ္။

There are a few cakes left over from the party.

ပါတီပြဲအၿပီး ကိတ္မုန္႔အခ်ိဳ ႔က်န္ရစ္တယ္။

"How many potatoes do you want?" "Oh, just a few, please."

အာလူး ဘယ္ေလာက္လုိခ်င္လဲ။ အုိ႔… နဲနဲဘဲ ေပးပါ။

'quite a few' or 'a good few' =အမ်ားအျပားကုိေဖာ္ျပခ်င္တဲ့အခါ
I know quite a few people who've had the same problem.

ျပႆနာတူတဲ့ လူေတြ အေတာ္မ်ားမ်ား က်ေနာ္ေတြ႔ဖူးတယ္။

Lots of people at the club are under twenty, but there are a good few who aren't.

ကလပ္အသင္းထဲက လူအမ်ားစုဟာ အသက္ ၂၀ ေအာက္ေတြျဖစ္ၾကတယ္။ ဒါေပမဲ့ အသက္ ၂၀ ေအာက္မဟုတ္တဲ့ ေကာင္းတဲ့သူေတြလဲ ရွိေသးတယ္။

a small number, not many or not enough

(determiner, pronoun, noun, adjective)= အခ်ိဳ ႔၊ အမ်ားႀကီးမဟုတ္
It was embarrassing how few people attended the party.

ဒီေလာက္ လူနဲနဲေလးတက္တဲ့ ပါတီပြဲဟာ ရွက္စရာေကာင္းတယ္။

He is among the few people I can trust.

သူဟာ လူတစ္ခ်ိဳ ႔ထဲက ငါယုံၾကည္ႏုိင္တဲ့သူဘဲ။

Very few people can afford to pay those prices.

လူအနည္းငယ္ဘဲ ဒီတန္ဖုိးကုိ ေပးႏုိင္ၾကတယ္။

မွတ္ခ်က္။ ။

A little ႏွင့္ A few သည္ Positive သေဘာကုိ ေဆာင္သည္။

ူLittle ႏွင့္ Few သည္ Negative သေဘာကုိ ေဆာင္သည္။

Little, A little သည္ ေရတြက္မရ နာမ္ျဖစ္သည္။

Few, A few သည္ ေရတြက္ရ နာမ္ျဖစ္သည္။

သုိ႔ေသာ္ Little သည္ အငယ္ကုိ ရည္ရြယ္ရင္ ေရတြက္ရနာမ္ျဖစ္သြား၏။

ဥပမာ။ A little man = လူကေလး(ေသးေသးေလး) တစ္ေယာက္

Usage of English 20 (အဂၤလိပ္စာအသုံးအႏႈန္း ၂၀)

ဒီတစ္ခါေတာ့
Bit, Far, Quite, Rather ဆုိတဲ့ စကားေလးလုံးရဲ ႔ အသုံးအႏႈန္းေလးေတြကို ေဖာ္ျပေပးလုိက္ပါတယ္။
လုိအပ္ခ်က္ေတြ ရွိေနရင္ က်ေနာ့္ အားနည္းခ်က္သက္သက္ပါ။

အမွားကုိ ျပင္ေပးရင္ ေက်းဇူးတကယ္တင္ပါတယ္။

Bit
********

a small piece or amount of something (noun)= (အနည္းငယ္) အေရအတြက္၊ ပမာဏ
There were bits of paper all over the floor.
ၾကမ္းျပင္ေပၚမွာ စာရြက္ေတြရွိေနခဲ့တယ္။

She tries to do a bit of exercise every day.
သူမ ေန႔တုိင္း ေလ့က်င့္ခန္း နဲနဲလုပ္ဖုိ႔ ႀကိဳးစားတယ္။


a short period of time= အခ်ိန္အနည္းငယ္
I'm just going out for a bit. See you later.
ငါ အျပင္ခဏသြားမလုိ႔၊ ေနာက္မွေတြ႔မယ္။

a slight amount or type of something= အနည္းငယ္၊ အမ်ိဳးအစား
Wah Wah's put on a bit of weight, hasn't she?
၀ါ၀ါဟာ ၀ိတ္နဲနဲတက္လာတယ္။ မဟုတ္ဘူးလား။

He's a bit of a prat.
သူဟာ မုိက္မဲတဲ့သူမ်ိဳးဘဲ။

Far
***

in distance (adverb)= အကြာအေ၀း
How far is it from Australia to New Zealand?
ၾသစေၾတးလ်ကေန နယူးဇီးလန္အထိ ဘယ္ေလာက္ေ၀းလဲ။

One day, perhaps far in/into the future, you'll regret what you've done.
တစ္ေန႔မွာ မၾကာခင္အနာဂါတ္ကာလေလာက္မွာ မင္းလုပ္ၿပီးတဲ့ဟာကုိ မင္းေနာင္တရလိမ့္မယ္။


very much (adverb)= အလြန္
This car is far better than our old one.
ဒီကားက ငါတုိ႔ကားေဟာင္းထက္ ပုိေကာင္းတယ္။

He loses his temper far too often.
သူဟာ အရမ္းကုိ မၾကာခဏ စိတ္တုိတတ္တယ္။


distant (adjective)= အကြာအေ၀း
The station isn't far- we could easily walk it.
ဘူတာရုံက မေ၀းပါဘူး၊ ငါတုိ႔ လြယ္လြယ္ေလး လမ္းေလ်ာက္သြားႏုိင္တယ္။

ွQuite
******

a little or a lot but not completely (adverb)= အေတာ္ေလး
I'm quite tired but I can certainly walk a little further.
ငါ အေတာ္ေလး ေမာသြားတယ္၊ ဒါေပမဲ့ ငါ နဲနဲ ထပ္ေလ်ာက္ႏုိင္ပါေသးတယ္။

He's quite attractive but not what I'd call gorgeous.
သူဟာ အေတာ္ေလး ဆြဲေဆာင္မႈေကာင္းတယ္။ ဒါေပမဲ့ အရမ္းလွတယ္လုိ႔ ငါမဆုိလုိဘူးေနာ္။


completely (adverb)= တကယ့္ကုိ၊ လုံး၀
The two situations are quite different.
ဒီဘူတာႏွစ္ခုဟာ လုံး၀ျခားနားတယ္။

Are you quite sure you want to go?
မင္းသြားခ်င္တာ တကယ္ေသခ်ာလား။


uncertainty= မေသခ်ာမႈမွာသုံး
I don't quite know what to say.
ငါ ဘာေျပာရမယ္ဆုိတာ တကယ္မသိဘူး။

I didn't quite catch what he said.
သူဘာေျပာခဲ့လဲဆုိတာ ငါတကယ္နားမရွင္းခဲ့ဘူး။


agreement with someone's opinion= သေဘာတူေၾကာင္းျပတဲ့အခါသုံး
"You'd think he could spare some money - he's not exactly poor." "Quite."
သူေငြသုံးႏုိင္တယ္လုိ႔ဘဲ မင္းမွတ္ထားပါ။ သူဟာ တကယ္မဆင္းရဲပါဘူး။ ဟုတ္တယ္ဟုတ္။


emphasis= ေလးနက္ေစလုိတဲ့အခါသုံး
It was quite the worst dinner I have ever had.
ငါစားဖူးသမွ်ေတာ့ ဒီညေနစာဟာ တကယ့္အဆုိးဆုံးဘဲ။


a lot= အမ်ားအျပား
She's got quite a bit of money.
သူမမွာ ေငြအမ်ားႀကီးရွိတယ္။

Rather
********

quite; to a slight degree (adverb)= အေတာ္ေလး
It's rather cold today, isn't it?
ဒီေန႔အေတာ္ေလး (အေအးမႀကိဳက္တဲ့ေလသံ)ေအးတယ္ေနာ္။ ဟုတ္တယ္မဟုတ္လား။

That's rather a difficult book - here's an easier one for you.
အဲဒီစာအုပ္က နဲနဲခက္တယ္။ ဒီမွာ မင္းအတြက္ ပုိလြယ္မဲ့ စာအုပ္။

She answered the telephone rather sleepily.
သူမ တယ္လီဖုန္းကုိ အေတာ္ေလးအိပ္ခ်င္မူးတူးနဲ႔ ေျဖလုိက္တယ္။


very; to a large degree (adverb)= အလြန္
Actually, I did rather well in my exams.
တကယ္ဆုိရင္ ငါတကယ့္ကုိ ေကာင္းေကာင္းမြန္မြန္ စာေမးပြဲကုိ ေျဖဆုိႏုိင္ခဲ့တယ္။

I've got rather a lot of work to do at the moment.
ဒီအခ်ိန္မွာ ငါ အေတာ္ေလး အလုပ္ရႈပ္ေနတယ္။


more accurately; more exactly (adverb) = ပုိၿပီးတိတိက်က်
She'll go to London on Thursday, or rather, she will if she has to.
ၾကာသပေတးေန႔မွာ သူမ လန္ဒန္ကုိ သြားလိမ့္မယ္။ ပုိၿပီး တိတိက်က်ေျပာရရင္ေတာ့ သူမ သြားဖုိ႔ရွိရင္ သြားကုိ သြားမွာပါ။

He's my sister's friend really, rather than mine.
သူဟာ ငါ့ႏွမရဲ ႔ မိတ္ေဆြပါ။ ငါ့မိတ္ေဆြမဟုတ္ပါဘူး။


an opposite opinion= ဆန္႔က်င္ဘက္ကုိ ေဖာ္ျပတဲ့အခါသုံး
No, I'm not tired. Rather the opposite in fact.
မဟုတ္ဘူး။ ငါ မေမာဘူး။ အမွန္ဆုိ ဆန္႔က်င္ဘက္သက္သက္ဘဲ။


preference to; instead of (adverb) = ---အစား
I think I'd like to stay at home this evening rather than go out.
ဒီညေနမွာ အျပင္သြားရမွာထက္ အိမ္မွာ ေနရတာကုိ က်ေနာ္ပုိႀကိဳက္တယ္။


certainly; yes= အားရပါးရ အံ့ၾသသံျဖင့္ Yes လုိ႔ ေျပာတဲ့အခါသုံး
"Do you want to come out for dinner with us this evening?" "Rather!"
ဒီညေန ညေနစာကုိ ငါတုိ႔ႏွင့္အတူ အျပင္ထြက္စားခ်င္စိတ္ရွိလား။ ဟာ… စားမွာေပါ့။


Rather you than me= အျခားတစ္ေယာက္လုပ္ေနတာကုိ မႀကိဳက္ေၾကာင္းေဖာ္ျပတဲ့အခါသုံး
"I've got to have two teeth out next week." "Rather you than me."
လာမဲ့အပတ္မွာ ငါ သြားႏွစ္ေခ်ာင္းႏႈတ္ဖုိ႔ရွိတယ္။ ငါကေတာ့ မႀကိဳက္ဘူး။

Usage of English 19 (အဂၤလိပ္စာ အသုံးအႏႈန္း ၁၉)

ဒီတစ္ခါ အဂၤလိပ္စာေပေတြမွာ အသုံးအလြန္မ်ားတဲ့ သိေနက် စကားလုံးေလးေတြကုိ ေရးစမ္းၾကည့္ပါ့မယ္။ လက္လွမ္းမီသေလာက္ ရွာေဖြထားတာပါ။ အသုံးတည့္လိမ့္မယ္လုိ႔ ေမွ်ာ္လင့္ပါတယ္။ သိေနေပမဲ့လဲ အသုံးမတတ္ရင္ ကားရွိၿပီး ကားမေမာင္းတတ္သလုိ ျဖစ္တတ္ပါတယ္။ ဒါေၾကာင့္ ျမည္းစမ္းၾကည့္ေစခ်င္ပါတယ္။

ပထမဆုံး Just ဆုိတဲ့ စကားလုံးေလး။ လြယ္တယ္။ ဒါေပမဲ့ ခက္တယ္။

ေလ့လာၾကည့္ၾကရေအာင္လား။

...................

Just

**************

now, very soon, or very recently (adverb)= အခု၊ မၾကာခင္ေလး၊ မၾကာေသးခင္က

*********

"Where are you, Ko Ko Mg?" "I'm just coming."

ကုိကုိေမာင္ ဘယ္မွာလဲ၊ အခု ငါလာေနၿပီ

I'll just finish this, and then we can go.

မၾကာခင္ ဒါၿပီးေတာ့မယ္။ အဲဒီေနာက္ ငါတုိ႔ သြားႏုိင္ၾကၿပီ။

It's just after ten (o'clock).

အခု ဆယ္နာရီထုိးၿပီးခါစဘဲ ရွိေသးတယ္။

exactly or equally (adverb)= အတိအက်၊ အညီအမွ်

*******

This carpet would be just right for the dining room.

ဒီေကာ္ေဇာက ထမင္းစားခန္းႏွင့္ကြက္တိဘဲ။

The twins look just like each other.

ဒီအမႊာက တစ္ေယာက္ႏွင့္တစ္ေယာက္ တူတယ္။

only; simply (adverb)= မွ်သာ၊ ရုိးရုိးရွင္းရွင္း

********
"Would you like another drink?" "OK, just one more."

ေနာက္ထပ္ေသာက္စရာယူဦးမလား။

ေကာင္းပါၿပီ။ တစ္ခုဘဲထပ္ေပးပါ။

It was just a joke.

ဒါက ရုိးရွင္းလွတဲ့ ျပက္လုံးေလးတစ္ခုပါဘဲ။

used to make a statement or order stronger=

ေဖာ္ျပခ်က္ကုိျပဳလုပ္ခ်င္တဲ့အခါ (သုိ႔) ပုိၿပီးခုိင္မာေစခ်င္တဲ့အခါ

*********

He just won't do as he's told.

သူဟာ ေျပာတဲ့အတုိင္း လုပ္မဲ့လူစားမ်ိဳး မလုပ္ဘူး။

It's just too expensive.

အဲဒါ အရမ္းေစ်းႀကီးတာဘဲ။

used to reduce the force of a statement and to suggest that it is not very important

ေဖာ္ျပခ်က္ကုိ နဲနဲ ေပါ့ေပါ့ေျပာခ်င္တဲ့အခါ (သုိ႔) အေရးသိပ္မႀကီးေၾကာင္းအႀကံေပးခ်င္တဲ့အခါ

**************

Can I just borrow the scissors for a second?

ကပ္ေကးေလး ခဏငွားေပးပါလား။

I just wanted to ask you if you're free this afternoon.

ဒီေန႔ ေန႔လည္ခင္း အားလားလုိ႔ မင္းကုိ ေမးခ်င္ရုံေလးပါဘဲ။

almost not or almost (adverb)= မျဖစ္ခင္ေလး၊ ျဖစ္ခါနီးေလး

**********

We arrived at the airport just in time to catch the plane.

ငါတုိ႔ ေလဆိပ္ကုိ ေလယာဥ္မီရုံေလးဘဲ ကပ္ေရာက္လာတယ္။

I've just about finished painting the living room.

က်ေနာ္ ဒီလူေနခန္းကုိ ေဆးသုတ္လုိ႔ ၿပီးခါနီးေလးဘဲ။

be just possible= ျဖစ္ႏုိင္ဖုိ႔အခြင့္အလမ္း နဲနဲရွိတဲ့အခါ

*******

It's just possible that we might be going away that weekend.

ဒီအပတ္အားလပ္ရက္မွာ ငါတုိ႔ အျပင္ထြက္ဖုိ႔ ျဖစ္ႏုိင္ေခ်ရွိတယ္။

very; completely (adverb)= အလြန္၊ ျပည့္ျပည့္စုံစုံ

*********

It's just dreadful what happened to her.

သူမျဖစ္ပ်က္ခဲ့တာဟာ အရမ္းကုိဆုိး၀ါးလြန္းတယ္။

fair; morally correct (adjective)= မွ်တေသာ၊ စာရိတၱပုိင္းအရ မွန္ကန္ေသာ

*************

The judge's sentence was perfectly just in the circumstances.

တရားသူႀကီးရဲ ႔ ျပစ္ဒဏ္စီမံခ်က္ဟာ ဒီအေျခအေနမွာ လုံး၀တရားမွ်တပါတယ္။

I don't really think he had just cause to complain.

တုိင္တန္းဖုိ႔(အျပစ္တင္ဖုိ႔) သူ႔မွာ စာရိတၱပုိင္းအရမွန္ကန္တဲ့ အေၾကာင္းရင္း ရိွတယ္လုိ႔ က်ေနာ္ မထင္ဘူး။

Usage of English 18 (အဂၤလိပ္စာအသုံးအႏႈန္း ၁၈)

လြယ္တာေတြလဲ ၾကာလာရင္

ခက္လာတတ္တယ္။

အထူးသျဖင့္

လြယ္တာေတြ မ်ားသြားတဲ့အခါမွာေပါ့။

လြယ္တာေလးေတြကုိ ျမည္းၾကည့္လုိက္ၾကရေအာင္။

..............................

Make use of = အသုံးခ်သည္

We could make better use of our resources.

ငါတုိ႔အရင္းျမစ္ေတြကုိ ေကာင္းေကာင္းအသုံးခ်ရမယ္။

Lend an ear= နားေထာင္သည္။

Please lend an ear carefully to her story.

ေက်းဇူးျပၿပီး သူမပုံေျပာတာကုိ ေသေသခ်ာခ်ာနားေထာင္ပါ။

Commit to memory= အာဂုံေဆာင္သည္။

You have to commit these three verses to memory.

မင္း ဒီ(ပါဠိ)ဂါထာသုံးပုဒ္ကုိ အာဂုံက်က္ရမယ္။

Wide range of/ full range of = က်ယ္က်ယ္ျပန္႔ျပန္႔

The hotel offers a wide range of facilities.

ဒီဟုိတယ္က (၀န္ေဆာင္မႈ)အသုံးအေဆာင္ကုိ က်ယ္က်ယ္ျပန္႔ျပန္႔ ေပးတယ္။

Get on = ေကာင္းမြန္စြာဆက္ဆံသည္

He doesn't get on with his daughter.

သူဟာ သူ႔သမီးႏွင့္ ေကာင္းေကာင္းဆက္ဆံလုိ႔မရေသးဘူး။

Cope with= စီမံံေျဖရွင္းသည္

He wasn’t able to cope with the stresses and strains of the job.

သူဟာ အလုပ္ေၾကာင့္ျဖစ္တဲ့ စိတ္ဖိစီးမႈဒဏ္ကုိ မေျဖရွင္းႏုိင္ေသးဘူး။

Confront with/by= ရင္ဆုိင္ေတြ႔ႀကဳံသည္

I thought I would remain calm, but when I was confronted with/by the TV camera, I became very nervous.

က်ေနာ္ဟာ အေတာ္တည္ၿငိမ္တဲ့သူလုိ႔ထင္ထားတာ။ ဒါေပမဲ့ တီဗီကင္မရာနဲ႔ႀကဳံေတြ႔တဲ့အခါမွာ တုန္လႈပ္မိတယ္။

By all means = ခြင့္ေတာင္းတဲ့အခါသုံး

"May I borrow this book?" "By all means."

ဒီစာအုပ္ကေလး ငွားပါရေစလားခင္မ်ာ။

By no means = လုံး၀

It is by no means certain that we'll finish the project by June.

ဒီစီမံကိန္း ဇြန္လမွာၿပီးမယ္ဆုိတာ လုံး၀ မက်ိန္းေသဘူး။

Badly off = ပုိက္ဆံယုတ္ေလ်ာ့လာေသာ(ဆင္းရဲလာေသာ)

They're not badly-off but they don't have much money to spare.

သူတုိ႔ မဆင္းရဲပါဘူး။ ဒါေပမဲ့ သုံးဖုိ႔ ေငြအမ်ားႀကီး မရွိဘူး။

Better off= ပိုက္ဆံပုိရွိလာေသာ (ခ်မ္းသာလာေသာ)

Families will be better off under the new law.

မိသားစုေတြဟာ ဥပေဒအသစ္ေအာက္မွာ ခ်မ္းသာလာၾကလိမ့္တယ္။

In connection with= ပတ္သက္ၿပီး

A man has been arrested in connection with the murder of the teenager.

လူတစ္ေယာက္ကုိ ဆယ္ေက်ာ္သက္ကေလးကုိ လူသတ္မႈႏွင့္ပတ္သက္ၿပီး ဖမ္းဆီးၿပီးၿပီ။

Usage of English 17 (အဂၤလိပ္စာအသုံးအႏႈန္း ၁၇)

ေပ်ာ္တတ္ရင္
သိၿပီးသားေတြ ထပ္ေလ့လာရတာလဲ
ေပ်ာ္စရာတစ္မ်ိဳးပါဘဲ။
.......................................


Good at =ကၽြမ္းက်င္ေသာ
She's very good at Geography.
သူမဟာ ပထ၀ီဘာသာမွာ အရမ္းေတာ္တယ္။

Fascinated by =အရမ္းစိတ္၀င္စားေစေသာ
They were absolutely fascinated by the game.
သူတုိ႔ ဒီကစားပြဲကုိ အရမ္းစိတ္၀င္စားၾကတယ္။

Different from/ to/ than= ကြဲျပားေသာ
Emiko is very/completely/entirely different from her sister.
အီမီကုိဟာ သူ႔ႏွမနဲ႔ လုံးလုံး ျခားနားတယ္။

Enthusiastic about = အံ့ၾသဘနန္းစိတ္၀င္စားေသာ
You don't seem very enthusiastic about the party - don't you want to go tonight?
မင္း ပါတီပြဲကုိ စိတ္၀င္စားပုံမေပၚဘူး။ ဒီည မသြားခ်င္ဘူးလား။

Frightened of =ေၾကာက္လန္႔ေသာ
I was frightened of a sudden louder voice.
က်ေနာ္ ရုတ္တရက္ အသံက်ယ္ႀကီးကုိ ေၾကာက္တယ္။

Important to = အေရးႀကီးေသာ
I think his career is more important to him than I am.
သူ႔အေနနဲ႔ သူ႔အလုပ္ဟာ ငါ့ထက္ ပုိၿပီး အေရးႀကီးတယ္လုိ႔ ငါထင္တယ္။

Distracted by =စိတ္မၿငိမ္ေသာ
Naomi is rather distracted by worrying coming exam.
နာအုိမီဟာ လာမဲ့ စာေမးပြဲအတြက္ စုိးရိမ္ရင္း စိတ္မၿငိမ္ျဖစ္ေနတယ္။

In terms of =.. အားျဖင့္
In terms of money, I was better off in my last job.
ေငြအားျဖင့္ က်ေနာ့္ ေနာက္ဆုံးအလုပ္ဟာ ေငြပုိ၀င္တယ္။

In respect of /with respect to = ပတ္သက္၍
I am writing an article in respect of Buddhism.
က်ေနာ္ ဗုဒၶဘာသာႏွင့္ပတ္သက္တဲ့ ေဆာင္းပါးေရးေနတယ္။

In/by virtue of = အစြမ္းအားျဖင့္
She succeeded by virtue of her tenacity rather than her talent.
ေတာ္လုိ႔ထက္ ႀကိဳးစားလြန္းတဲ့အစြမ္းနဲ႔ သူမ ေအာင္ျမင္လာတာပါ။

By means of = (အကူအညီ)အစြမ္းအားျဖင့္
The load was lifted by means of crane.
ကုန္စည္စလယ္ကုိ ကရိန္းအကူအညီနဲ႔ မယူတယ္။

Usage of English 16 (အဂၤလိပ္စာအသုံးအႏႈန္း ၁၆)

အလြယ္ေလးေတြဆုိေပမဲ့ တစ္ခါတစ္ရံ မသုံးတတ္ဘဲ ျဖစ္ေနတတ္ပါတယ္။

လြယ္သေယာက္နဲ႔ခက္တတ္ပါတယ္။

ေပါ့ေပါ့ပါးပါးေလး လုပ္ၾကည့္လုိက္ရေအာင္။

........................

Polite to=ယဥ္ေက်းေသာ

I'm afraid I wasn't very polite to her.

သူမအေပၚ မယဥ္ေက်းသလုိျဖစ္သြားမွာ စုိးရိမ္တယ္ဗ်ာ။

Kind of=ၾကင္နာေသာ

It was really kind of you to help me.

မင္း ငါ့ကုိ ကူညီေပးဖို႔ ၾကင္နာတတ္တာဘဲ။

Happy with/about ေပ်ာ္ရႊင္ေသာ

Are you happy about/with your new working arrangements?

မင္းရဲ ႔အလုပ္အသစ္ပုံစံေပၚ မင္းေပ်ာ္ရႊင္ေက်နပ္တယ္မဟုတ္လား။

Responsible for= တာ၀န္ရွိေသာ

U Ba is directly responsible for the efficient running of the office.

ဦးဘဟာ ဒီအလုပ္ရုံးကုိ လုံလုံေလာက္ေလာက္ လည္ပတ္ႏုိင္ဖုိ႔ အဓိက တာ၀န္ရွိသူျဖစ္တယ္။

Shocked at= တုန္လႈပ္အံ့ၾသေသာ

U Hla was shocked at the news of U Mya’s death.

ဦးျမရဲ ႔နာေရးသတင္းက ဦးလွကုိ တုန္လႈပ္ေစတယ္။

Surprised at= အံ့ၾသသင့္ေစေသာ

We were very surprised at the result.

ဒီအေျဖကုိ က်ေနာ္တုိ႔ အရမ္းအံ့ၾသမိတယ္။

Wrong with= မွားယြင္းေသာ

Something's wrong with the television - the picture's gone fuzzy.

တီဗီမွာ တစ္ခုခု မွားေနၿပီ။ ပုံေတြက မျပတ္သားေတာ့ဘူး။

Typical of= စံနမူနာျဖစ္ေသာ

This sort of hot and spicy food is very typical of the food in the south of the country.

ပူေလာင္စူးရွတဲ့ ဒီအစားအစာေတြဟာ ႏုိင္ငံေတာင္ပုိင္းရဲ ႔ စံနမူဟာ အစားအစာေတြပါဘဲ။

Keen on= စိတ္အားထက္သန္ေသာ

She's keen on (playing) tennis.

သူမဟာ တင္းနစ္ကစားဖုိ႔ စိတ္အားထက္သန္တယ္။

Nervous about= ကတုန္ကယင္ျဖစ္ေသာ

I was very nervous about driving again after the accident.

ယဥ္တိုက္မႈျဖစ္ၿပီးေနာက္ ျပန္ကားေမာင္းရမွာကုိ မ၀ံ့မရဲ ျဖစ္ေနမိတယ္။