Usage of English 27 (အဂၤလိပ္စာအသုံးအႏႈန္း ၂၇)

ဒီတစ္ခါေတာ့ အဂၤလိပ္စာမွာ မ်က္စိလည္တတ္ေလ့ရွိတဲ့ Inversion အသုံးအႏႈန္းေလးေတြကို တင္ျပပါမယ္။
ဒီေနရာမွာ Inversion ဆုိတာ ေျပာင္းျပန္သုံးႏႈန္းတာကုိ ေျပာတာပါ။


Inversion (1)

(A)
ပုံမွန္အားျဖင့္ ကတၱားၿပီးရင္ ႀကိယာလုိက္ေလ့ရွိတဲ့ အဂၤလိပ္စာသဒၵါမွာ Inversion အေနနဲ႔ သုံးရင္ေတာ့ ေျပာင္းျပန္ျဖစ္ေနတာကုိ ေတြ႔ၾကရပါ့မယ္။

Her father stood in the doorway.> In the doorway stood her father.
သူမအေဖဟာ တံခါးေပါက္မွာ မတ္တပ္ရပ္ခဲ့တယ္။

He had rarely seen such a sunset.> Rarely had he seen such a sunset.
သူ ဒီလုိမ်ိဳး ေန၀င္ဆည္းဆာကုိ ျမင္ရခဲတယ္။

He showed me his ID card. I only let him in then.> Only then did I let him in.
သူ က်ေနာ့္ကုိ သူ႔ရဲ ႔ အုိင္ဒီကဒ္ကုိ ျပခဲ့တယ္။ သုိ႔မွသာ က်ေနာ္ သူ႔ကုိ ၀င္ခြင့္ျပဳခဲ့တယ္။
....


(B)
Direction, Place ေတြကုိ ေဖာ္ျပတဲ့ ၾကိယာ၀ိေသသနပုဒ္စုေတြရဲ ႔ေနာက္မွာ မ်ားေသာအားျဖင့္ Inversion ကုိ သုံးတတ္ေလ့ရွိတယ္။

Dave began to open the three parcels. Inside the first was a book of crosswords from his Aunt Alice. (or inside the first there was a book of crosswords...)
ေဒ့ဗ္က ပါဆယ္ထုပ္သုံးခုကုိ စတင္ဖြင့္လုိက္တယ္။ ပထမပါဆယ္ထုပ္ရဲ ႔ အထဲမွာ သူ႔အေဒၚ အဲ့လစ္ ဆီကပုိ႔တဲ့ စကားလုံးပေဟဠိစာအုပ္ ရွိတယ္။


Place, movement ေတြကုိ ေဖာ္ျပတဲ့ climb, come, fly, go, hang, lie, run, sit, stand စတဲ့ ႀကိယာေတြကုိ ရံခါ Inversion အေနနဲ႔ သုံးတတ္တယ္။

Above the fireplace was a portrait of the Duke. (not... a portrait of the Duke was.)
(နံရံေဖာက္ [အခုက်ေနာ္ေနတဲ့အခန္းထဲမွာ အဲဒီလုိမ်ိဳး မီးဖုိရွိတယ္။ အသုံးေတာ့မျပဳေတာ့ပါဘူး])မီးဖုိရဲ ႔ အေပၚတည့္တည့္(နံရံေပၚ)မွာ ဒုက္ရဲ ႔ ပုံတူ(ပန္းခ်ီကား)ရွိတယ္။

In an armchair sat his mother. (rather than..... his mother sat)
ကုလားထုိင္မွာ သူ႔အေမ ထုိင္တယ္။


ဒါေပမဲ့ ကတၱားက နာမ္စားျဖစ္ေနရင္ Inversion ကုိ မသုံးပါဘူး။
In an armchair sat she.(ဒီလုိမသုံးပါဘူး)
.....


(C)
Speech ေပးတဲ့အခါေတြမွာ here, there ႏွင့္ back, down, in, off, up, round စတဲ့ ႀကိယာ၀ိေသသနေတြရဲ ႔ ေနာက္မွာ Inversion ကုိ သုံးတတ္ပါတယ္။

Here comes Sandra's car.
စျႏၵရဲ ႔ ကားလာၿပီ။

I lit the fuse and after a few seconds up went the rocket.
က်ေနာ္ျဖဴးစ္ကုိ မီးညွိလုိက္ၿပီး မၾကာခင္မွာ ဒုံးက်ည္ အေပၚတက္သြားတယ္။
.......


(D)
Inversion ကုိ Conditional sentence ေတြမွာ သုံးတတ္ပါတယ္။

It would be a serious setback, if the talks were to fail.
It would be a serious setback, were the talks to fail.
ေဆြးေႏြးပြဲပ်က္သြားရင္ အေျခအေနေတြ ပုိဆုိးလာလိမ့္မယ္။

If you should need more information, please telephone our main office.
Should you need more information, please telephone our main office.
အခ်က္အလက္ ပုိလုိအပ္ရင္ က်ေနာ္တုိ႔ရဲ ႔ ဌာနခ်ဳပ္ကုိ ဖုန္းဆက္ပါ။

If Alex had asked, I would have been able to help.
Had Alex asked, I would have been able to help.
တကယ္လုိ႔ အလက္စ္သာ အကူအညီေတာင္းခဲ့ရင္ က်ေနာ္ အကူအညီေပးႏုိင္ခဲ့မွာပါ။


Inversion ကုိ Negative အေနနဲ႔သုံးရင္ Contracted form ကုိ မသုံးရပါဘူး။

Had he not resigned, we would have been forced to sack him. (not Hadn't he..)
သူမႏႈတ္ထြက္ခဲ့ရင္ သူ႔ကုိ အလုပ္ျဖဳတ္ဖုိ႔ က်ေနာ္တုိ႔ဖိအားေပးခံရခဲ့လိမ့္မယ္။
......


(E)
Inversion ကုိ ႏႈိင္းယွဥ္မႈေတြကို ျပတဲ့ As ႏွင့္Than တုိ႔ႏွင့္ တစ္ခါတစ္ခါ တြဲသုံးတတ္တယ္။

The cake was excellent, as was the coffee. (or.. as the coffee was.)
ေကာ္ဖီေကာင္းသလုိ ကိတ္မုန္႔ကလဲ ဂြတ္ရွယ္ဘဲ။

I believed, as did my colleagues, that the plan would work. ( or... as my colleagues did...)
က်ေနာ့္လုပ္ေဖာ္ကုိင္ဘက္ေတြလုပ္ခဲ့သလုိဘဲ ဒီအစီအစဥ္ဟာ အလုပ္ျဖစ္မယ္ဆုိတာ က်ေနာ္ ယုံၾကည္တယ္။

Research shows that children living in villages watch more television than do their counterparts in inner city areas. (or.. than their counterparts do...)
သုေတသနဌာနက ေဖာ္ျပတယ္။ ရြာမွာေနၾကတဲ့ ကေလးေတြဟာ ၿမိဳ့တြင္းမွာ ေနထုိင္ၾကတဲ့ ရြယ္တူကေလးေတြထက္ ရုပ္ျမင္သံၾကားပုိၾကည့္ေလ့ရွိၾကတယ္တဲ့။


မွတ္ခ်က္။
Martin Hewings ေရးတဲ့ Advanced Grammar in Use စာမ်က္ႏွာ ၂၃၈ ကုိ ကုိးကားေဖာ္ျပထားျခင္းျဖစ္ပါတယ္။

....